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云南省翻譯公司關鍵字：However, as a "new system of school" of economists, market development to promote Western North stressed the gradual formation of a series of favorable economic development organizations and systems, thereby accelerating economic growth and social progress. We need to focus on exploring the problem is that the natural growth of population in the world (especially China), widespread, why only in Western Europe that led to the rise of the market it?
History of human progress has a significant role in promoting trade in goods is not many centuries ago on the existing cross-continent, the more the ocean silk, spices, porcelain, ivory, gold and silver, jewelry and other luxury resale transactions (in the ancient conditions of transport Only the luxury to be able to withstand long-distance transportation costs), but southern Europe, western and northern Europe to the Low Countries the Netherlands as the center of grain, timber, wool, fish, wine and other agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery basic product trade. Because only the basic products to be able to trade a minimum value of labor of the farmers to play their comparative advantages, which have the ability to buy manufactured goods, thus stimulating technological innovation and economic growth.
From the principle of market development perspective, the transaction is not in the basic product can be developed anywhere. On the one hand, the "basic" product origin widely, the cost of production is not very different parts, so there is no exchange necessary; the other hand, the basic products are mostly low-value bulky goods, it is difficult to bear the long-distance high transportation costs. From these two aspects, the basic product of the transaction only in those very special place to develop these places to have a small range of product differentiation and large, low-cost large-scale characteristics of the transport. Makes product differentiation a large comparative advantage over the obvious, low transportation costs to achieve the interests of making more. Western Europe will just have such unique conditions. For example, the Netherlands (present-day Netherlands, Belgium) area of ??only seventy thousand square kilometers, but the rainfall in many places up to 1300 mm per year, less precipitation is only 600 mm of place, which lead to very different natural products, with significant local comparative advantage, as rivers and streams, and mostly seasonal navigation, local comparative advantage can be achieved, so here is the first produced a large-scale capital goods market.
The four ancient civilizations are located in the major rivers basins, where a single geographical conditions, whatever the people within the space, the basic products are roughly the same, impossible to stimulate the development of commodity exchange, so their production technology, social structure would have been maintained in the traditional state. In the commodity market is not conducive to the development of China's ancient civilization more than any other typical conditions, because the geographical conditions of China and Western Europe is almost the opposite: the Yellow River civilization headquarters to nearly a million square kilometers of area, clearly have little product differentiation, and characteristics of the lack of navigable rivers.
Line of the Yellow River basin temperature and precipitation lines are east-west direction, the direction of the climate is basically the same thing, which makes things much the same direction of crop varieties, such as summer crops, mainly wheat, and autumn are mainly beans and millet (in modern times is corn .) If we from the westernmost region of Shaanxi and Gansu have come to the junction of the east end of Shandong Peninsula, wherever he went, and products of almost all the same. In the nearly one million square kilometer area, east-west direction on the basic product is not much difference, there is no comparison between the parts of interest, can not stimulate the development of commodity markets. In addition, although the Yellow River basin in the north and south, between temperature and precipitation differences that make differences in natural products, such as real estate in northern dry wheat grain, rice paddy fields in southern, north-south direction, but there is no navigable rivers, exchange of products rely on land transport. Carry the animal back in the hands of ancient pack conditions, land sea freight shipping at least equal to 30 times, can not afford such basic products high transport costs. It is impossible to form a large-scale capital goods market. East-west direction was no difference on the product and the lack of north-south river, two thousand years of restricting the development of commodity economy can not be the root cause.
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